Acc 509. Springfield Express Essay

Springfield Express is a luxury passenger carrier in Texas. All seats are first class, and the following data are available: Number of seats per passenger train car 90 Average load factor (percentage of seats filled) 70% Average full passenger fare $ 160 Average variable cost per passenger $ 70 Fixed operating cost per month $3,150,000 a.What is the break-even point in passengers and revenues per month? b.What is the break-even point in number of passenger train cars per month? c.If Springfield Express raises its average passenger fare to $ 190, it is estimated that the average load factor will decrease to 60 percent. What will be the monthly break-even point in number of passenger cars? d.(Refer to original data.) Fuel cost is a significant variable cost to any railway. If crude oil increases by $ 20 per barrel, it is estimated that variable cost per passenger will rise to $ 90. See more:Â  Social Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay What will be the new break-even point in passengers and in number of passenger train cars? e.Springfield Express has experienced an increase in variable cost per passenger to $ 85 and an increase in total fixed cost to $ 3,600,000. The company has decided to raise the average fare to $ 205. If the tax rate is 30 percent, how many passengers per month are needed to generate an after-tax profit of $ 750,000? f.(Use original data). Springfield Express is considering offering a discounted fare of $ 120, which the company believes would increase the load factor to 80 percent. Only the additional seats would be sold at the discounted fare. Additional monthly advertising cost would be $ 180,000. How much pre-tax income would the discounted fare provide Springfield Express if the company has 50 passenger train cars per day, 30 days per month? g.Springfield Express has an opportunity to obtain a new route that would be traveled 20 times per month. The company believes it can sell seats at $ 175 on the route, but the load factor would be only 60 percent. Fixed cost would increase by $ 250,000 per month for additional personnel, additional passenger train cars, maintenance, and so on. Variable cost per passenger would remain at $ 70. 1.Should the company obtain the route? 2.How many passenger train cars must Springfield Express operate to earn pre-tax income of $ 120,000 per month on this route? 3.If the load factor could be increased to 75 percent, how many passenger train cars must be operated to earn pre-tax income of $ 120,000 per month on this route? 4.What qualitative factors should be considered by Springfield Express in making its decision about acquiring this route? 5.

A Spill at Parsenn Bowl Essay

Part I – The Slopes While enjoying a day on the ski slopes at Winter park the patient fell exiting the ski lift. Patient was able to get up unassisted however, as she adjusted her stance the knee â€Å"twisted† and she fell again resulting in an external rotation of the right knee. Patient reported no pain at this time, but due to instability she was transferred by Ski Patrol down the slope on a sled. For the patient’s body to maintain homeostasis throughout the duration of exposure to the extreme cold, thermo receptors within the skin activated sending signals to the hypothalamus. In turn the cutaneous blood vessels constricted and shivering commenced in an attempt to accumulate and produce additional body heat. (Minerva Union, 2011, 2). During the time of exposure to the extreme cold all distal extremities and any exposed tissues would be vulnerable to the occurrence of frostbite.  (Minerva Union, 2011) Part II – The Emergency Room Upon arrival at the emergency room the patient was shivering which can be seen as an early indication of hypothermia. At this time the patient was instructed to remove her parka in an effort to avoid further heat loss, resulting from an accumulation of moisture from the conditions outdoors. To assist in regulation of homeostasis the patient was wrapped in blankets and given hot chocolate. Pulse was taken at the Dorsalis Pedis to check the patient’s circulatory response. (The EMT Spot, 2014, 7). Pain reported by the patient was localized to the medial surface of the right knee,  noticeable inflammation present due to the leaking of fluids from compromised internal tissues. The patient’s presentation of symptoms are indicative to that of a potential medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus tear. (Healthline, 2014, 5). The medial meniscus articulates with the medial condyles of the tibia and femur. Part III – The Mile High Clinic An X-ray, of which the primary diagnostic focus is bone structure and density (SWOG, 2013, 1), was ordered for the patient. X-ray results although negative for fracture were positive for swelling further indicating the possibility of tendon or ligament damage. A Lachman Test was performed on the patient to test the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament within the patient’s right knee. To determine integrity: â€Å"the knee is flexed at a 20-30 ° angle, the tibia is displaced anteriorly relative to the femur; a soft endpoint or greater than 4 mm of displacement is positive.† (Free Dictionary-Medical Dictionary, 2014, 1).  (The Clinical Advisor, 2014) Upon the positive results of the Lachman test, further examination confirmed injury to the medial collateral ligament as well. Patient was instructed to see an orthopedist, given crutches, a brace, and instructed to keep the leg elevated and use ice to further aid in the reduction of swelling and pain. Furthermore patient was instructed not to use heat, such as a heat pad or hot tub, as heat can result in vasodilatation leading to increased pain and swelling. Part IV – Seeing the Orthopedic Surgeon #1 Upon arriving home the patient was seen by a local orthopedic surgeon. Although the patient previously had an x-ray, an MRI was ordered to obtain a clear and concise understanding of the impact of the ski accident on the internal soft tissue structures of the patient’s right knee. An MRI or magnetic resonance imaging, â€Å"combines a powerful magnet with radio waves and a computer to manipulate these magnetic elements and create highly detailed images of structures in the body.† (SWOG, 2013, 4) In comparison to an MRI, an X-ray is typically used to diagnose and assess bone degeneration or disease, fractures and dislocation. (SWOG, 2013, 1) Age often plays a role  in the healing process, as does the patient’s physical health. Typically younger patients have an increased regenerative capacity for healing as opposed to older patients who may present with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is â€Å"the degeneration of cartilage and its underlying bone within a joint as well as bony overgrowth.† (CDC, 2011, 1) Patients with poor physical health and other complications may not always be a good candidate for reconstructive surgery. Although the patient in this case is 55, she presents as a good candidate for reconstructive surgery as a result of leading a fairly active life style and was referred to an orthopedic surgeon who performs such surgical procedures on a routine basis. Part V – Seeing the Orthopedic Surgeon #2 Patient presents in good health and as an ideal candidate for surgery. Referred to â€Å"pre-hab† to have the knee and leg in the best possible shape prior to surgery. The knee is a synovial joint and can be further classified as a hinge joint as it allows movement in only one direction. Synovial joints are lined by a synovial membrane filled with fluid to support the joint and reduce friction. (Buzzle, 2014), 3). Tendons and ligaments composed of dense regular connective tissues hold the structures of the knee together.(eHealth Ideas, 2013) The hamstring, sartorious, gracilis, and popliteus assist in producing flexion, whereas the â€Å"Quads† rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius contribute to producing extension. (Healthline, 2013, 4-5). With regard for the surgical repair of the patient’s ACL the synovial membrane would need to cut in order to operate on both the meniscus and ACL. In addition, the use of a tendon to replace the ligament is possible, as both are composed of collagenous connective tissues. (University of Michigan, (n.d.), 2). Prior to surgical intervention it is especially important that the patient’s knee is in the best physical shape as post-operatively the patient can expect to experience some degree of atrophy and loss of bone mass as a result of restricted and limited use of the surgically repaired joint and limb. (Healthline, 2014, 1). During post-operative healing the patella is likely to heal faster  than the ACL, MCI and menisci, as it has access to the arterial blood supply. (KneeHipPain, n.d., 14). The cartilage and the ligaments will take longer to heal as they are avascular and contain little to no blood supply. Scar tissue is a normal occurrence of the healing process, and is composed of fibrous connective tissue. â€Å"This tissue contains a fibrous protein called collagen, as well as long carbohydrate molecules called polysaccharides, water and cells called fibroblasts.† Scar tissue also known as adhesion, plays an important role in the healing process as its collagenous fibers bind to damaged tissues in an effort to reconnect the damaged fibers. Part VI – Resolution The body is an incredible mechanism, through homeostasis and feedback loops the body is often able to regulate and return itself to a state of equilibrium. This can be evidenced in the case of the patient, as when subjected to the extreme cold thermo-receptors in the skin activated signaling the hypothalamus, resulting in vasoconstriction and shivering as a method to create and conserve body heat. However, in some cases such as that of a torn ACL, the body is not always able to repair itself and surgical intervention may be deemed necessary. Still, throughout the post-operative healing process the body employs various methods of negative feedback to once again return to a state of equilibrium. References Buzzle. (2014). Synovial membrane. Retrieved from: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/synovial-membrane.html The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Osteoarthritis. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/osteoarthritis.htm The Clinical Advisor. (2014). [Photo of Lachman Test]. Retrieved from: http://www.clinicaladvisor.com/tests-to-assess-acl-rupture/slideshow/394/#0 eHealth Ideas. (2013). [Photo of Knee Anatomy Design]. Retrieved from: http://www.ehealthideas.com/2013/12/knee-anatomy-diagram.html The EMT Spot. (2014). The ultimate emt guide to vital signs. Retrieved from: http://theemtspot.com/2010/05/22/the-ultimate-emt-guide-to-vital-signs/ The Free Dictionary. (2014). Medical dictionary. Retrieved from: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Lachman+test Healthline. (2013). Knee muscle anatomy. Retrieved from: http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/knee-muscles#4/4294967045 Healthline. (2014). Muscle atrophy. Retrieved from: http://www.healthline.com/symptom/muscle-wasting Knee Hip Pain. (n.d.). The anatomy of the patella. Retrieved from: http://www.kneehippain.com/patient_pain_anatomy.php Minerva Union. (2011). Homeostasis basics. Retrieved from: http://minerva.union.edu/linthicw/homeo.htm Minerva Union. (2011). [Photo of Homeostasis Temperature Control]. Retrieved from: http://minerva.union.edu/linthicw/homeo.htm References Southwest Orthopedic Group. (2013). What is the difference between x-rays, mri, and ct scans. Retrieved from: http://www.sworthogroup.com/general-orthopedic-faq/25-what-is-the-difference-between-x-rays-mri-and-ct-scan University of Michigan. (n.d.). Section 9: Ligament tendon structure. Retrieved from: http://www.umich.edu/~bme332/ch10ligten/bme332ligamenttendon.htm

Mark Twain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Mark Twain - Essay Example There are only a few students especially foreign ones who would stand up for their right. It should be of their pride that they have the knowledge to be brought to a foreign land and be given the opportunity to cultivate not just education but also the culture of the place where they are residing or studying. It would be of great pride for them to also share their culture to fellow students. Moral courage is needed for foreign students to be able to succeed in a place where they are considered different. These students should always stand up and be proud of their roots. Whenever they have a chance to share anything related to their culture, they should grab the said chance and especially when it will be helpful to the lectures or to the improvement of the awareness of other students. Students, whether local or foreign, should always rise up to the occasion whenever needed. It is not trying to be someone who know-it-all instead it is a way of challenging peers to step up and be more competitive. In the process the education sector including the learners and the educators would

Creating a dream job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Creating a dream job - Essay Example The above compensation package is fit for Ngallas bed and breakfast employees because the employees have achieved significant objectives in the past year. A firm’s employees are supposed to be provided with attractive packages as a strategy to retain the best performing employees (Tropman, 2002). Ngallas bed and breakfast’s employees are warranted to have attractive compensation packages if they meet the bed and break fast’s objectives in terms of saving costs or adding to the company’s profits. The other area that warrants for the compensation package are efforts employees have put in place to increase turnover, efficiency, saving time and cost reduction measures. For the past one year, Ngallas bed and breakfast managers have worked hard to ensure that employees are trained. In addition employees efforts have saved time and costs. Employees have done this to increase the bed and breakfast’s margins to cater for the remuneration. The compensation package is justified by the additional duties that employees have embraced to ensure to improve the bed and breakfast’ profits. Employees have gone to the extent of doing tasks that are supposed to be handled by subordinate staff in cases where the subordinates are absent. This is compatible with the teamwork spirit in the bed and breakfast. In the recent past, Ngallas bed and breakfast employees have put in exemplary efforts to ensure that, the spirit of team work achieves results.The efforts have improved the company’s fortunes. This effort has led to Ngallas bed and breakfast to attain high profit margins and increase its customer base. This outcome has been instrumental in justifying the compensation attractive compensation packages.Ngallas bed and breakfast has realized that, the best way to improve performance is to provide enough compensation incentives. Incentives motivate

Maths and Statistics Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Maths and Statistics Assignment 2 - Essay Example The point of intersection, where the axes meet is called the origin normally labelled as O. A particular point on a two dimensional coordinate system is defined by the x unit first, followed by y unit in the form (x, y). There are four quadrants as shown in below figure. In Quadrant I the values are (x,y), and II:(-x,y), III:(-x,-y) and IV:(x,-y). The  polar coordinate system  is a  two-dimensional  coordinate system  in which a distance from a fixed point and an angle from a fixed direction determine each point on a plane. It is useful where the relationship between two points is expressed in terms of angle and distance. The fixed point is called the  pole, and the  ray  from the pole with the fixed direction is the  polar axis. The distance from the pole is called the  radial coordinate  or  radius, and the angle (measured in anti-clockwise) is the  angular coordinate,  polar angle, or  azimuth. Below diagram (left) shows the polar coordinate system: A particular point on the polar coordinate system is defined by the distance r first, followed by the angle ÃŽ ¸ (in degrees or radians) in the form (r, ÃŽ ¸). An equivalent Cartesian  coordinate system  for the polar coordinate system  is shown to the right, where point (x, y) is represented by (. Latitude  (horizontal line also referred as parallel) is the angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds of a point north or south of the Equator.  Each degree of latitude is approximately 69 miles (111 km) apart. Degrees latitude are numbered from 0 ° to 90 ° north and south. Zero degree is the equator, the imaginary line that divides our planet into the northern and southern hemispheres. 90 ° north is the North Pole and 90 ° south is the South Pole. Longitude  (vertical line also referred as meridians) is the angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds, of a point east or

The International Jurisdiction of the Internet - A Study in Essay

The International Jurisdiction of the Internet - A Study in Perspective - Essay Example According to Leiner, et.al. (2003), the history of the Internet revolves around four distinct aspects: the technological aspect, operational and management aspect, social aspect, and commercialization aspect. â€Å"The technological evolution that began with early research on packet switching and the ARPANET (and related technologies), and where current research continues to expand the horizons of the infrastructure along several dimensions, such as scale, performance, and higher level functionality. There is the operations and management aspect of a global and complex operational infrastructure. There is the social aspect, which resulted in a broad community of Internauts working together to create and evolve the technology. And there is the commercialization aspect, resulting in an extremely effective transition of research results into a broadly deployed and available information infrastructure.† (Leiner, et.al. 2003)According to Leiner, et.al, the history of the Internet r evolves around four distinct aspects: the technological aspect, operational and management aspect, social aspect, and commercialization aspect. â€Å"The technological evolution that began with early research on packet switching and the ARPANET (and related technologies), and where current research continues to expand the horizons of the infrastructure along several dimensions, such as scale, performance, and higher level functionality. There is the operations and management aspect of a global and complex operational infrastructure.

Influence of Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Influence of Global Warming - Essay Example Influence of Global Warming An increase in the greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere can been attributed to human pollutants which are seriously changing the earth’s climate on a large scale. The warming of the earth is a result of industrialization where factories are excessively emitting greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide and many others. The millions of cars are also responsible for the emissions of these greenhouse gasses. The greenhouse gasses are responsible for making a layer which insulates the atmosphere and this traps excessive heat from the sun which prevents it from being reradiated back into the space. This results in the generation of more warmth which is commonly referred to as global warming. Global warming in itself is not very wrong but the major cause for concern is the amount of greenhouse gasses emitted which is excessive and has resulted in some of the coldest parts of the earth getting hot to the extent that glaciers are beginning to melt. This causes the levels of the sea to r ise since the quantity of water will be increased which can lead to the displacement of people from their homes. It can be noted that the aspect of global warming is topical issue that has influenced debate across the whole globe. Basically, global warming is the excessive heating of the atmosphere as a result greenhouse gas emissions which will trap excess outward bound heat from radiating into space.

Entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Entrepreneur - Essay Example Not every person has the nerve and bravery of putting a large amount of their money at jeopardy. Sid was ready to go ahead with his dream of owning a business and not doing a job under someone. He was ready to invest all his savings that were kept aside for another important purpose of a family by his wife. He not only invested money that he had, but also took major loans from the bank. And entrepreneur not only invests money into the business, but runs the entire set up. Sid fits the picture well because he had an entire plan in mind for the business of a product that he created, which also received positive responses from his friends and co-workers. As the entrepreneur, he worked out the business plan that stated the business objective, an introduction to the product, his manufacturing plant details, marketing techniques, financial funding reports, legal planning and even his personnel hiring plans. Although, Sid did not have the knowledge that normally an entrepreneur would have because of his lack of professional degrees; he managed to know enough for his use by the small management course that he did. He covered up for that by following the advice of his bank consultant who guided his through the steps towards the loan. In order to pursue his dream, Sid took a big risk of starting Ladder rails. The product was totally new and could have easily failed to catch the consumer attention, but Sid did not lose hope and just like a successful entrepreneur entered the gamble. An entrepreneur needs to have passion and deep faith in his product and work, which Sid most definitely did. Even in the first two years of the business, when losses were actually being made, he did not blame anybody else and took responsibility for it. Along with that, he did not lose hope that quick and with the satisfaction from the increasing sales continued with the business. Therefore, we can say that Sid is truly the definition of an entrepreneur. Q2. Not every business endeavor tends to succeed in its mission, only certain ones with the necessary qualities cross hurdles and reach its destination. One of the basic factors is a good entrepreneur running the business. Entrepreneurs are people with different skills and qualities. There are usually four cornerstones that are crucial for entrepreneurs to possess - commitment to the opportunity, strategic leadership, organizational capabilities and persistence. For a business to succeed, the people running it should have strong faith in their plans. It is only with deep passion and commitment that a business can cross all hurdles, otherwise people tend to lose hope when there are many problems on the way. Sid's business, Ladder Rail, initially had to face many financial problems. There were not enough funds available to start up a new business from the scratch or to buy plants and machinery for production. There were also some people who discouraged Sid; and later the losses made were disheartening in itself, but it was Sid's devotion to his dream of a new business that gave him the strength to pull through. In order for a business to sustain and flourish in the future, the leadership should be strategic; that is, the leader should have a vision in the future. Current activity should be such that the long term goals are fulfilled and the business becomes much more lucrative with time. Sid was

Animal Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Animal Rights - Essay Example Which is why for all the valuable things animals could do for mankind, man or at least a great majority of human beings, have thought to also accord animals similar rights as human beings. In the United States, these animal rights are enshrined in a number of laws and statutes that ensure protection to animals and that prosecute individuals who are involved in animal abuse. The Michael Vick Case Michael Vick was a football quarterback playing for Virginia Tech when he was sighted for his prowess in the football field and eventually awarded a crack at the National Football League via the Atlanta Falcons. It was during his stay with the Atlanta Falcons that Vick had the best time in his life as a league contract athlete when he led the Falcons in their bid for the NFC championship against the Philadelphia Eagles. Ironically, it was also during this time that Vick probably had the worst time in his life when it was discovered that he engaged in drugs and professional dog-fighting. While Vick had denied these allegations attributed to him, evidences linking him to the illegal activities had surfaced. In August 2007, Vick admitted to the NFL Commission that he had bankrolled and participated in the dog-fighting operation. He was promptly suspended by the NFL. And sooner after that, following an intense investigation by the FBI, Vick admitted to killing dogs himself, and was sentenced to 23 months in prison and pay a substantial fine for running a â€Å"cruel and inhumane† dog-fighting ring. He spent 21 months in jail and was committed on his last two months to house arrest. During this last part of his sentence, Vick thought of going back to professional play. After some negotiations that included professional monitoring by his probation officers, he signed up with the Philadelphia Eagles that signaled his re-entry to normal professional football. Lessons from Vick’s Case The Vick’s case offers a lot of insights and lessons that people could lea rn much from. One such insight is the observation that there are people, or groups of people, who would look at animals as objects of passion or consumption or prey and would not share a bit of humanity towards them. They would ignore that there is value in seeing animals, particularly pet animals, as capable of returning a caring gesture or a training effort as have been documented in many cases involving particularly pet dogs which grew under the protective and loving care of their owners. Jennifer Leonard, a postdoctoral fellow at the Smithsonian Institute’s National Museum of Natural History (Reilly) writes: â€Å"We know that dogs were useful for lots of things in Stone Age culture as draft animals, in hunting, for warmth, and for protection.† In many cases, pet animals have proven themselves indispensable to human beings in providing company, care, assistance and many more valuable roles. An example of such an instance was the baby abandoned by her mother deep in the forest in Kenya sometime in 2005. A stray dog, which must just have given birth to her baby pups, heard the cries of the baby and dragged her to be with her own

California's History of Segregated Education Essay

California's History of Segregated Education - Essay Example Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) was one of the courts’ rulings, which permitted legal segregation for approximately 60 years. Some people were against, any form of, segregation. For instance, Gonzalo Mendez and other Latino parents filed a case (in 1945) to end segregations, in California’ public schools. The case filed was known as Mendez v. Westminster (1946). They argued that it was wrong to separate students into different schools, simply because they were of different races (Latino or Mexican). The judgement, on this case, was in favour of Mendez: even though the schools’ lawyers argued that the students were segregated because they spoke a foreign language. The court ruled that according to the 14th Amendment, all students had the right to access equal education. Following this ruling, it was unconstitutional to segregate students, on the basis of their national originality. Mendez case, however, was never appealed to the United State Supreme Court. The Brown v. the Education (1954), case also aimed at ending segregations, in California. It ruled that education was to be given to all, on equal terms. The ruling on the Brown case, however, faced some challenges. For instance, the Southern states defied the ruling, while some White Community prevented the NAACP from enrolling Africa-America students, in Central High School (Caplow 305). These three cases were related in that the Mendez case laid the foundation of the Brown case, while the Brown case brought about the reversal of the Plessy (1896) case, in 1954. Both the Mendez and Brown cases also DEJURE segregations of public schools (Ritzer 180). Segregations between the Latino and Mexican America resulted to poor Mexican schools. There were less-experienced teachers, in the Mexican schools than in the Anglo schools. The Mexican students were given less educational materials than the Anglo students (Ritzer 234). In fact, the Mexican students were taught in crowded classrooms, while the Angl o students were taught in spacious classrooms. The segregation was also evident in their curriculum, which was carried out, in the Anglo, and Mexican schools. The Anglo students were taught geometry and biology, while the Mexican students were taught industrial skills and domestic chores (Dundjerski 352). In addition, most of the Anglo teachers discouraged the Mexican students from advancing beyond the eighth grade. Indeed, the Mexican curriculum was of low quality such that the students could not get, any prominent job, after they were through with their classes. The education, which the Mexican got, would only get them cheap jobs in the prospering agriculture communities of California. This segregation, therefore, could not allow the Mexican students to get advanced education; if they got advanced education, then they would not accept farm labor. Segregation between Latino and Mexican America resulted into the discrimination of Mexicans. Mexicans were not allowed in most of the pa rks, dance halls, eateries, hotels, stores, and barbershops. They also had less access to public swimming pool; they were only allowed to swim for one day, weekly (Dundjerski 203). In addition, the swimming pool was cleaned and drained, immediately after the Mexican-America had swum. The Mexican Americas were, also, not spared in the restaurants; they were only served after all the white customers had been served. Today segregation is still evident, in some parts of California. For instances, those schools that are located in

Free

Freedom Road Term Paper Essay Howard Fast, the author of the book Freedom Road, was born on November 11, 1914 and died at the age of 89 on March 12, 2003. Fast lived a long and adventurous life. A few of the things he did throughout his lifetime were; joining the American Communist party in 1943, serving a prison term in 1950 for refusing to cooperate with the House Committee on Un-American Activities, and his books were purged from American school libraries. On the other hand some of the positive things that happened in his life was that in 1953, he was rewarded the Stalin Peace Prize and in June of 1937 he married his first wife, Bette Cohen. In adjunction with his adventurous lifestyle, Fast spent most of his time writing. He wrote seven works of nonfiction, two autobiographies, fifty-two novels, five short stories one essay, and seven Masao Masuto Mysteries under the Penn name E.V. Cunningham. As well as writing, he created two films based off novels. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Fast) In the book Freedom Road, Howard Fast tells a fictional story based off the true events that occurred during the Constitutional Convention. The beginning of the book does not start the way most books start. This novel starts by talking about the main character, Gideon, as if we are supposed to know who he is. At first, this is confusing but after a couple of pages, you catch on and start to understand a lot easier. The first thing we are told about in the book is how all of the freed men from the small town of Charleston, had left a few weeks back to go vote. However, neither the town nor the men who left knew what voting actually was. Not knowing what voting was, made everyone who stayed in town very nervous and worried, they were not sure whether or not those men would be coming home or not. Therefore, when they men were spotted walking back into town everyone was extremely excited and could not wait to hear all about this voting thing. However, it seemed that none of the men were really talking, until one of them tells the town that they have some big news to share with everyone. Thus far, into the book, we have yet to hear from the main character, and we have actually been reading from his wives point of view. Once the returning men started talking, the book transitions from the wives point of view to Gideon’s, and that is when things start to pick up. We learn that the men’s big news is the fact that Gideon was elected to be a delegate. Because of his prowess in battle, the other ex-slaves looked to him as their leader in peacetime, but he was an uneducated man who felt himself unsuited for leadership. Yet knowing that his people wanted and needed him, he was determined to make himself fit into the pattern their hopes had cut out for him. However, none of them truly knew what a delegate was or what exactly a delegate did. The only thing they really knew was the Gideon would be receiving a letter once all the votes were counted to tell him if he had won the election. Several months go past in the book and nothing happens, no one in the town hears anything about Gideon being elected. Then one day, the postal man comes around and hands Gideon the letter that he had been waiting for. At this point in the book, we find out how afraid he is to go to Charleston because he is a â€Å"nigger.† He feels as though he is not very smart. He does not want to go â€Å"to city full of white houses†¦ full of white folks making fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 16-17). So in order to help him overcome that fear Brother Peter tells him the people need a leader and because of how strong Gideon is physically and mentally, he was chosen to represent them. Because of Brother Peter, Gideon decides to go to Charleston. When he arrives in Charles and he realizes that, he has no money and no place to sleep, so he ends up sleeping under a hay barrel for the first night. It is the next morning when Gideon is offered a couple of cents for some physical labor, he reluctantly accepts the job realizing that he has no other option but to. Because of that money he is able to rent a room for the nights he will be at the convention, buy some food, and clothes that will look appropriate for the convention. Moreover, this is when we start getting into the convention. For the first couple of days Gideon was determined not to speak at the convention, in fear of making a fool of himself in front of all the educated white folk. Yet one day he is outraged and just cannot help himself, he gets up and speaks. Nevertheless, he was still embarrassed that he could not find the right words for what he was saying and for the fact that he sounded very uneducated compared to some of the rest. However when he was given some books that taught him how to read and speak properly, he began to speak out more and voice his opinion. To his surprise he was heard, people started to listen to what he was saying, and even siding with him. Fast explains that the Constitutional Convention worked because, though neither black nor poor whites were overly fond of each other, both realized they had a common enemy in a planter group. With the help of Gideon’s voice, and many others they fought against the planter group. The fought for a system of public schools, the abolition of imprisonment for debt, a simple and fair divorce law, a statute making it impossible for a wifes property to be sold in settlement of her husbands debts, and a measure for universal suffrage – which, came as close as man had ever come to giving women a break and land. Even though he fought for all of these things, the most important ones for Gideon were fair and equal education, and land. Throughout his time at the convention lets his wife slip away from him and stands by while a white northerner helps Gideons oldest son, Jeff, through medical school in Scotland; there was no medical school in America free enough from prejudice to accept him. Gideon loses site at what he loves the most in his life, and lets them all slip away because freedom seems more important than family. Some of the themes of this book are love and understanding, vigilance and perseverance, and hope. The reason why I say that a theme is love and understanding is because in the beginning of the book we hear about how his wife has stayed by his side through thick and thin. She waited for him though the war that he willingly signed up to go fight for. She let him go vote because she realized that even though no one knew exactly what it was, it was something of importance to her husband. In addition, though she has just gotten her husband back and did not want him to leave again; she understood that t his was something that he needed to do. She stood by his side, maybe not physically but mentally, throughout the entirety of the convention. Although this theme is not a main theme in the book, I think that it is a rather important one. The other theme I had mentioned was vigilance and perseverance. I believe these two themes are the main themes of the book, because everyone in this book is persevering in one way or another. Brother Peter insists that Gideon goes to the convention. Everyone at the convention is pushing for exactly what it is that they want written down, and his son is moving to a land unknown to him for an education that he cannot receive where he is. The last theme I had mentioned was hope. I believe that hope is the most predominant theme throughout the book, because every single person has hope. In the beginning, the town and the men who left were hoping that this voting thing was not going to get them killed. Gideon’s wife hoped that he would not leave her again, and when he did, she hoped that he would be okay and that she would get to see him again. The people of the convention all held on to the hope that what they say and what they want will be written down into a law. Then we have Gideon himself, he has hope that he will be able to read, write and give all freed slaves the right to an education. The theme of hope plays repeatedly throughout the story. All of the stories characters played a large role in the book, everyone influenced the book in one way or another, but a few of the characters that stood out to me are Brother Peter, Gideon, and Cardozo. The first character that really stands out to me is Brother Peter. I think the fact that he did not stand up and ask people to vote for him, as a delegate was a selfless act. All of the people in town look up to him and ask him for advice, they would have easily voted for him as they did Gideon, but brother Peter knew that Gideon would have more to learn from being a delegate than he would. Brother Peter also knew that Gideon would have more of a fight in him than he would. I th ink the reason why Brother Peter was so pushy about Gideon going to the convention was that he knew that Gideon would get things done. The other character that stands out to me is Gideon. Gideon starts in the beginning of the book being illiterate, but pushes though the struggle of learning how to read and write by himself. He also struggles with the fact that he is poor and does not measure up to some of the other people in the convention. Gideon fights for education and freedom so much that he lets go of everything that he truly loves. He lets his wife slip away and his son leaves. He forgets that he has people waiting for him back home. Even though I hate that he loses sight of the place he came from and his family, he over comes many struggles and fights to achieve his goals. The other character that stands out to me is Cardozo. Cardozo is the first person at the convention that comes up and talks to Gideon. I like the way Cardozo sees things differently, he is a black man that has been free all his life, got an education, socialized around white people his entire life. Therefore, when he first talks to Gideon he wants him to explain why black people should have en education. Once Gideon explains himself Cardozo understands, and helps Gideon as much as he can. He introduces him to all the right people, he supports him in the convention, and most of all he gave Gideon books that taught him how to read and write. He gave Gideon what he had come to fight for. I think it takes very kindhearted people to stand by someone who cannot even form the words to fight by themselves. Before I actually started reading this story, I thought it was going to be another extremely boring history book, however once I started I could not put it down. The way this story was written was fabulous. The way Fast incorporated Gideon’s thoughts, his writing and speaking was interesting. I loved that the real facts of what happened during that time was not just thrown in our faces, it was mixed into the fictional story that kept you interested. I think the way that we are lead through the past so effortlessly was a fascinating way to keep reader interested. I like the way Fast incorporated all the different kinds of people at the convention. In the story, the laws of freedom, education, and land would not have got through without the black folks and poor white folks being there. I think the way Fast portrayed Gideon, as a strong illiterate freedman was a great way to grab the reader’s attention and walk us through the past in a wonderful way. I think the only thing that Fast is really missing is more of Gideon speaking. Fast does an excellent narration of illiterate folks, but he does not do enough of it. Overall, this book was great, I will most likely be keeping it, and not reselling it so I can re-read it repeatedly.

The Income Gender Gap Sociology Essay

The Income Gender Gap Sociology Essay Income gender gap can be reviewed at both the individual and institutional level. It refers to the prejudicial beliefs and discriminatory of individuals, and the policies that restrict the opportunities of minorities respectively. SECTION II THE ISSUES AND WHO ARE INVOVLED Income gender gap is also known as the disparity of income between sexes. It has been a debatable issue ever since globalization takes place. In the context of economic inequality, gender gap generally refers to the differences in the wages of men and women. This can be calculated as a ratio of female to male wages (often expressed as a percentage). The female population has been showcasing their talents and it is depending on how the world accounts and utilizes such talent pool to determine the competitiveness of the economies. Gender disparity in income is an issue that has been surfacing worldwide and economies would have been affected as a result. Thus, it was chosen as I openly felt that corrective measures might not have been designed to address the issue on a global scale. Besides, reports have also shown that the gender pay gap has not been fully resolved as many countries workplaces are still faced with the problem of gender discrimination. In this income gender gap report, I aim to highlight the importance of promoting gender equality. This is in hope that creation of greater awareness among a global audience is present, with implementation of good practices and effective measures drawn that can help further reduce gender inequality. An example of common stereotypes stating males being more dominant and females seen as the weaker sex are present. This happens when both sexes working in the same field are being remunerated differently the male with a higher wage as compared to the female. Singapore is not spared in this aspect. Statistics have shown that there is a closing of gender income gap. However, this is only relevant in the occupations of professionals, services/sales and cleaners/labourers. Statistics have shown that employers tend to empower males with prospective occupation tracks that lead them to having high flying careers; however this isnt so for the females. There is more likelihood that employers entrust women with occupation positions that are deemed to be dead-end, or have very little mobility for advancement. This is due to the perception that women will leave their jobs or labour force at times of marriage or pregnancy. SECTION III WHY IS IT IMPORTANT FOR US TO TALK ABOUT IT? The principle of equality of opportunity is one of the basic tenets of human development. However, the differences in wage between genders speak about how discrimination brings about inequality and places one at an advantage or vice versa. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), progress in reducing the gender pay gap is very slow in Europe and Central Asia. The gender income gap may have narrowed in some countries, but on an international level, it is still not evident as proven by ILO. Improvising of stricter policies and measures should be done in the light of significance in every country and the most effective means of doing so is through governments intervention. The talents of women which involved the capacity for and skills are not equally rewarded. Also, division of work has always been gendered, which left women often experiencing a disparity in the labour market limited positions and rights in companies. Constrain on the economic growth is one of the impacts contributed by gender inequalities in society. In the long run, society will experience greater negative consequences economically, resulting from this discrimination gender inequalities at work. This is because income inequality diminishes growth potential. With gender inequalities reduced, it benefits men and women, children and the elderly, for the poor and as well as the rich. This in turn would lead to the better advancement in economic growth. However, research begged to differ that such reduction in income disparity between genders would be positive. It is argued that higher inequality would be an advantage in encouraging growth in well developed regions although it will hinder growth in poor countries (Robert Barro, 1999). Although the economy at large is still affected, inequality and growth were believed to have no correlation-concluding that inequality neither drives nor impairs growth (World Development Report, 2000). This is also supported by a recent study on income inequality; a society in which income was distributed perfectly equally with respect to gender would not be a desirable place either (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2008). On a fair note during entry level for both sexes, earnings of womens pay have been analyzed in some countries and the increase in earnings is substantial, in addition, even higher than those of men because of their qualifications. This explains that income is based solely on merit of individuals. Still, I believe that this is not practiced internationally, with Singapore a globalized developed country, ranking 84 out of 134 countries, with a score of 0.666 (0.00=inequality/1.00=equality). And for wage equality for similar work, shes ranked 9th (World Economic Forum, 2009). Yet Singapore is still facing these problems at present. For this reason, the gender gap plays a significant magnitude in determining wage. In the perspective of Singapore, females still earn less than males in all occupations. Disparity is even wider when comparing of mean incomes, which implies that males still receive higher wages than their female counterparts as a whole. This is backed by structural constraints in Singapores economy preventing women from attaining similar income. Comparison of the monthly gross salary in the managerial roles shows signs of glass ceiling. The mean gross wage is $7272 for a female, compared to $9065 for a male, and the median gross wage is $5673 for a female, compared to $6450 for a male (Singapore Yearbook of ManPower Statistic, 2009). Predetermined conception that women have shorter employment life-spans and experiences on the job due to pregnancy and traditional domestic duties, such as child rearing and housekeeping is the contributing factor bringing about stereotype against women at the workplace. Studies have shown that these factors accounts for a considerable component of the gender wage gap. Due to womens family-related commitments and priorities, the average woman on the labour market has fewer years of experience than the average man, which contributes to the difference in pay between men and women. Furthermore, an equal position whereby both genders are employed takes into the consideration of National Service. Men trained in the National Service were being favoured, which played a part in the salary differentials. A strong argument cited that because National Service provides men with essential skills such as in leadership, organisation, and decision-making, which is said as to be a pre-requisite in the job market. Awarding them a higher starting salary in the public and private sectors is justifiable. Since National Service is unavoidable, it is deemed as a result that women may be left with little power in the public and private sectors in terms of representation. SECTION IV WHERE CAN WE START TO FIX THE PROBLEM? With males given a higher edge above their female counterparts in the context of wage, it is a prejudice as men is seen as the domineering sex. Thus, with no qualms that such an issue creates inequality in society. Men would be given perks at the expense of the degree and opportunity of womens representation; which are considerably affected by social norms and perceptions regarding womens roles in society. I take the stand that both genders should be given equal benefits based on their qualifications, and hence the pay differentials should not surface. At the individual level, adopting different educational-informational means to alter the aforementioned public perception of womens role in various spheres of society is essential. Using these strategies may boost public awareness of gender stereotyping, ensuring there is minimal social prejudice against women, as well as strengthening a positive insight. With the aim of overcoming uncertain societal nature of womens representation in the labour force, it is necessary to adopt legal constitutional provision on the principle of womens right to be represented. In Singapore, the Government and social partners commitments are affirmed by the addition of an appropriate clause in collective agreements to certify that employers conform to the principle of paying their employees the remuneration based on merit. To conclude, with the implementation of various means would improve the status of female representation and gender equality.

Barriers to Healthcare for Diabetic Ethnic Minorities

Barriers to Healthcare for Diabetic Ethnic Minorities Comparing Barriers to Healthcare in Diabetic Ethnic Minorities in Urban Versus Rural Settings Noreen Choudhary   Issue/Problem There has been abundant research done in the study of ethnic minorities and their access to healthcare. Attention has been paid to common barriers such as language, knowledge and communication, which are all culturally influenced. Most of this research has focused on general access to healthcare and not specific diseases. There is very little reserach on comparing barriers that exist depending on location. The issue I would be exploring in my study is determining the differences in potential barriers that exist in access to healthcare among ethnic minority diabetic individuals in urban versus rural settings. The potential barriers in access should differ depending on the location since the type and amount of resources present varies in both settings. This study hopes to contribute to the literature by focusing on diabetes and determining the differences in barriers that exist for ethnic minorities in the urban versus rural settings. Background The regions with the greatest incidence of diabetes are Africa and Asia, where the rates are expected to rise two or three times (Oldroyd, Banerjee, Heald Cruickshank, 2005). The three countries with the highest prevalence of diabetes are USA, China and India (Oldroyd et al., 2005). The largest increases are expected in Brazil, Indonesia, Bangladesh , Pakistan and Japan (Oldroyd et al., 2005). Type 2 diabetes is most common among ethnic minority groups residing in developed countries (Oldroyd et al., 2005). Diabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical attention as well as self-management education (American Diabetes Association, 2002). Renfrew et al. (2013) reported on barriers to care present in a Cambodian population near Boston. The study highlighted the importance of a culturally sensitive healthcare system for Cambodians (Renfrew et al., 2013). The researchers found the following barriers in access to healthcare: patients’ views of chronic disease, diabetes management, communication, psycho-social factors, diabetes etiology and explanatory models and fears of interacting with the healthcare system (Renfrew et al., 2013). The researchers were advocating for a culturally sensitive approach to healthcare for this population because most of the barriers identified were culturally influenced. Some of these culturally influenced barriers were patients’ mistrust in the western model of health, replacement by alternative medicine, belief that western medicine is an ‘instant’ cure, and desire to please the practitioners (Renfrew et al., 2013). Researchers found these barriers among other whic h were influenced by cultural beliefs of the patients (Renfrew et al., 2013). Smith, Garie, and Schmitz (2014) illustrated self-reported use of diabetes healthcare services in a Quebec community-based sample. The study found that people with major depression were more likely to be high users or non-users of diabetes healthcare services (Smith, Garie, Schmitz, 2014). People with major depression reported more problems with accessing diabetes healthcare services (Smith, Garie, Schmitz, 2014). People with major depression perceived more problems with the healthcare they received (Smith, Garie, Schmitz, 2014). The results also showed that people with major depression perceived problems with the length of time they had to wait to see a doctor, that there is a lack of specialist care in their area and are more likely to report having problems getting to the doctor due to transportation and health problems (Smith, Garie, Schmitz, 2014). The low service users represent a particularly vulnerable group who may need to be targeted by interventions in order to encoura ge them to visit a doctor (Smith, Garie, Schmitz, 2014). The finding in this study was important because it showed that perceived problems with accessing healthcare services could impact utilization of healthcare. Wagner et al. (2013) reports on the effects of trauma on the risk for disease development and access to healthcare. Mental health problems among Southeast Asian refugees are well known but the long term affects of mass violence as re-settled refugees age are less well described (Wagner et al., 2013). This study investigated any potential relationship that may exist between trauma symptoms, self-reported health outcomes, and barriers to healthcare among Cambodian and Vietnamese persons in Connecticut (Wagner et al., 2013). Healthcare access and occurrence were measured regarding patient-provider understanding, cost and access, and interpretive services (Wagner et al., 2013). Individuals with greater levels of trauma symptoms were associated with greater lack of understanding, cost and access problems, and the need for an interpreter (Wagner et al., 2013). Although these Southeast Asian immigrants arrived to United States as refugees more than 20 years ago, there continues to be high l evels of trauma symptoms among this population which are associated with increased risk for disease and decreased access to healthcare services (Wagner et al., 2013). This article was interesting because it didn’t mention the usual barriers we talk about when it comes to access to healthcare (such as language). The last article I found was titled, ‘Diabetes care quality is a question of location’ by The Press Association. The article talks about the standard of diabetes healthcare in England depending on a postcode lottery (The Press Association, 2013). The quality of care patients receive depends whether it’s provided by a GP or a hospital, it depends on the location (The Press Association, 2013). The report found big regional differences in patients’ access to quality, integrated care (The Press Association, 2013). Some areas were four times more likely to get annual checks needed to manage their conditions (The Press Association, 2013). This article is similar to my research project however instead of rural and urban settings, it focused on location in terms of where healthcare was sought, a clinic, hospital, or GP (The Press Association, 2013). Purpose/Aim of your Project The aim of my research proposal is to identify any potential barriers that may exist in access to healthcare among ethnic minority diabetics in rural versus urban settings. My original research proposal was investigating potential barriers in access to healthcare among ethnic minority diabetics without the location factor. When I started looking up literature, I found there was already enough information in this area and my research wouldn’t add anything distinctive to this field. I started reading more articles and doing a literature review, I didn’t find any studies comparing potential barriers in urban and rural settings. After reviewing the comments I received from the professor after the first assignment, I was actively looking for gaps in research when reading articles. Therefore, I decided to alter my original question after I found this gap. If there are differences in the types of barriers present in these two distinct settings, then hopefully my research would bring this to the forefront of healthcare providers and policymakers and would result in equitable care in urban and rural settings. Rationale/justification Canada is known for its multiculturalism with Ontario being the most ethnically diverse province [3]. Almost 13.4% of Canadians identified themselves as being a visible minority in the 2001 census [3]. Since diabetes is most prevalent in ethnic minorities and Canada is one of the most ethnically diverse countries, it’s understandable why there is an abundance of research in this field. There is a currently a gap in research that my research would potentially fulfill. While reading articles present in my field of interest, I couldn’t find any that compared barriers in access to healthcare present in urban versus rural settings. This sort of information is necessary for policymakers to reduce or even eliminate these barriers to achieve high quality of care for diabetic individuals in the future. If the results conclude that the barriers present in the urban settings differ from the ones present in the rural setting, then there is work to be done. We must ensure health equity when it comes to access to healthcare and eliminate any geographical factors that come into play. We must ensure healthy places for all individuals but especially diabetics who require a lot of social and medical support. Also, the need for culturally appropriate health care to accommodate the unique needs of ethnic minorities. The other research gap I found was studies didn’t talk about information loss during translations, either during patient and practitioner interactions or researcher and patient interactions. I think it’s an important factor to consider in studies consisting of subjects who speak another language. For instance, in one study the researchers found that patients didn’t understand the concept of chronic disease and I believe that this was due to information loss during translation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide healthcare professionals with information on the different barriers that exist among urban and rural settings in order to achieve health equity. Researchable research question The research question for my study is: What are potential barriers in access to health care among ethnic minorities with diabetes in the urban versus the rural settings? Intellectual guideposts Ontology is the theory of being or what reality fundamentally is, in social sciences it is closely linked with ethical implications (David Sutton, 2011). The basic premise of phenomenological ontology is that for humans reality is not something separate from its appearance (David Sutton, 2011). The way we think about ourselves is fundamental to what we are (David Sutton, 2011). For me, I think that health is a fundamental aspect of being human, it’s a basic right and an underlying factor in our existence. All individuals should have access to healthcare and this access should be equitable, regardless of one’s location. The particular ‘epistemological’ (theory of knowledge) stance (positivist, critical theoretical or interpretivist) will be grounded in assumptions about the basic character of being human (David Sutton, 2011). My research project is rooted in the interpretivist paradigm because I believe that access to healthcare is an important aspect of being human. Health is an important part of being human and to achieve this health, we need a culturally sensitive and acceptable healthcare system for ethnic minorities. Axiology is about the values each individual has and its influence on their research [print]. There are no value-free sociologies, values are foundational for knowledge-producing systems [print]. The topic of this study began with a personal experience I have with diabetes but eventually filtered out to form a researchable question that could add value to the field. Coming from a background in biology, we are taught that there is something wrong with the body and it needs to be fixed, that health is solely a biological factor. This was purely based in a positivist paradigm which is aligned with quantitative research. I believe that healthcare access regardless of ethnicity, location, age, sex, or gender is crucial for all humans. Coming from a country with a poor healthcare system also influences my view in terms of healthcare access. I believe that health has a strong social component which cannot be measured quantitatively and thus I adopted an interpretivist and qualitative approa ch for my study. The best way to undergo my study would be by utilizing a qualitative approach, more specifically, open-ended interviews. I want to gain insight into the barriers that are present for each individual from these ethnically diverse backgrounds. I want to understand their perspective and beliefs, and how these influence their use of the healthcare system. After I understand these barriers, I will compare the difference in the types of barriers that are present among those living in the urban and rural settings. Since I am using open ended interviews, I believe the best rhetorical choice would be passive. I believe the participants in the study should have the freedom to talk in depth about the issue at hand. I don’t want to influence their answers in any way but at the same time they should have the opportunity to freely express themselves. Especially in my study which includes ethnic minorities, there may be language barriers present so this freedom to answer freely would be a pl us for the participants. Interpretive/theoretical frame My research project will be embedded in the interpretive paradigm. More specifically, I will be adopting the constructionism theory. â€Å"Constructionists focus on how people create meaningful social reality for themselves through their interactions and thereby create a sense of order through shared beliefs (David Sutton, 2011).† Constructionists adopt qualitative approaches such as interviews and unstructured observation (David Sutton, 2011). I believe that culture is important in defining health, it influences our behaviour in terms of how we access and utilize our healthcare system. For example, Renfrew et al. (2013) talked about how people’s perceptions on chronic illness affected their use of the healthcare system. One’s culture, beliefs, views and attitudes affects their behaviour in terms of healthcare use. This is relevant to my research project because I want to understand the barriers that exist for ethnic minorities with diabetes but with the added element of comparing these barriers in two settings: urban and rural. References: American Diabetes Association. (2002). Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 25, 533-549. David, M., Sutton, C. (2011). Social research: An introduction. London : Sage Publications. Oldroyd, J., Banerjee, M., Heald, A., Cruickshank, K. (2005). Diabetes and ethnic minorities. Postgrad Medical Journal, 81, 486-490. Renfrew, M. R., Taing, E., Cohen, M. J., Betancourt, J. R., Pasinski, R., Green, A. R. (2013). Barriers to care for Cambodian patients with diabetes: Results from a qualitative study. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Undeserved, 24(1), 633-655. Smith, Garie, Schmitz (2014). Self-reported use of diabetes healthcare services in a Quebec community-based sample: impact of depression status. Public Health, 128, 63-69. The Press Association. (2013, December 10). Diabetes care quality is question of location. Nursing Times. Retrieved from http://www.nursingtimes.net/home/clinical-zones/diabetes/diabetes-care-quality-is-question-of-location/5066307.article Wagner et al. (2012). Trauma, healthcare access, and health outcomes among Southeast Asian refugees in Connecticut. Journal Immigrant Minority Health, 15, 1065–1072. Peer Feedback Form Is it clear what issue or problem the author will investigate through this study? Explain. Yes, the author is studying healthcare access by immigrants from two different backgrounds: those from developed countries and those from underdeveloped countries. It is evident in the assignment what the researcher will be trying to determine and why they have chosen to do so. There is a gap in understanding barriers in access to healthcare that exist between immigrants from developing countries and those from developed countries. Is the approach chosen, qualitative or quantitative a suitable choice, and will it bring insight into the research question? Explain. The approach is qualitative and this is a suitable choice. Since the researcher wants to understand why people over or under use the healthcare system and wants their opinion/views, it’s best to use a qualitative approach. By using interviews, for example, they can gain insight into the factors that influence people to use or not use the healthcare system in their country. Has the author explained connections to the literature, including what gaps exist in our knowledge about the topic? Explain. Yes, the author has clearly explained why they want to do this research and what gap it will fill. They have mentioned that previous research has been done on immigrants and access to healthcare, however, none have focused on the differences in this access based on country of origin (developed/developing). Are the aims of this project clear and well written? Explain. Yes, the aims are quite clear. The author wants to understand the factors that prevent immigrants from using the healthcare system based on their country of origin, the Western or Eastern countries. They want to compare these factors and understand if any differences exist. Is the research question clearly stated? Is it researchable? Does it fit well within approach the author has selected? Explain. The question is clearly stated and is researchable. It will fit with the qualitative approach that the researcher has chosen because it will allow them to understand from the immigrants’ views why they chose or didn’t choose to utilize the healthcare system. They want to understand the barriers that exist for them individually and thus, the best approach is to use qualitative methods. Has the author properly and convincingly used the intellectual guideposts for research, explaining her or his project and position relative to these? Explain. Yes, the author used the intellectual guideposts to explain her position on each one. The use of the constructionism theory in this research proposal makes sense. They want to understand the barriers that exist for each individual and this is influenced by how people create and perceive their realities, the basis of constructionism. Is it clear which paradigm and theoretical frame will be used in this study? Explain. It is quite evident that this research is based on the interpretive paradigm. As she stated in this assignment, â€Å"The largest factor guarding our interpretations of the social world is culture.† This perfectly fits with this research study because I’m sure that most of the barriers that exist in access to healthcare are influenced by culture. This is especially true for most immigrants who come from countries that are different culturally. What suggestions can you make or ideas can you bring to enhance the overall clarity of the proposal? Explain. Overall the assignment was very well done, however, I’m just wondering if you are concentrating on new or long term immigrants. I think this would potentially affect the types of barriers that are present. For example, language or knowledge would be more of a barrier for newer immigrants. Maybe you could control for this aspect, as it could be a potential confounder. Good luck! 1

Failure and the Degeneration of America in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsb

   The Great Gatsby is a bold and damning social commentary of America which critiques its degeneration from a nation of infinite hope and opportunity to a place of moral destitution. The novel is set during the Roaring Twenties, an era of outrageous excesses, wild lavish parties and sadly, an era of regret and lost potential. As the audience, they take us on a journey guided and influenced by the moral voice of Nick Carraway, a character who is "simultaneously enchanted and repelled by the inexhaustible variety of life." Nevertheless, when Carraway rejects the East, returning to the comparatively secure morality of his ancestral West, we realize that gaiety was merely a thin facade, and that behind it lurked a hideous ugliness that penetrated to the essence of the human spirit.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was during the Jazz generation that the common man, a man no different to James Gatz, pursued the glowing icons of his age. As religion gradually faded away, it was money that had become an object of veneration. The desire to become wealthy was parceled in the form of the American Dream, a savage ideal that was fundamentally flawed from the outset. The fallacy of the American Dream cursed all who aspired to its promises while the upper class enjoyed the luxuries that accompanied their status, exploiting those below them as a means to reaffirm their superiority.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consequently, James Gatz, under the influence of characters like Dan Cody and Meyer Wolfshiem, underwent a self-transformation to become Gatsby, a new man who was founded on his "Plutonic conception of himself." As the embodiment of idealism and innocence, Gatsby strives to cre... ...ut also the destiny of human kind. It is a novel with a haunting tone that questions the very essence of our pursuits in life and ultimately, the meaning of life itself. It can only be hoped that we will heed this powerful message.       Works Cited and Consulted: Berman, Ronald. "The Great Gatsby" and Fitzgerald's World of Ideas. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1997. Chambers, John B. The Novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald. London: Macmillan/New York: St Martin's P, 1989.   deKoster, Katie, ed. Readings on "The Great Gatsby." San Diego: Greenhaven, 1998.   Fitzgerald, F. Scott.   The Great Gatsby.   Simon and Schuster Inc., New York: 1991. Higgins, John A. F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Study of the Stories. New York: St. John's UP, 1971. Whitley, John S.   F. Scott Fitzgerald: "The Great Gatsby." London: Edward Arnold, 1976.   

The Value and Necessity of Public Relations Essay -- Human Resources

Public Relations are the actions of a corporation, store, government, individual, etc., in promoting goodwill between itself and the public, the community, employees, customers, etc. Things we learned from Public Relations are provides a better understanding of the company, promotes brand image, and it is helps the company keep a good reputation. Public relations provides a better understanding of the company because it provides insight on what the company is up to and how things are running. Customers can always find out if the company is planning to launch a new product or thinking of innovations on already made products. Additionally, customers can find out about events revolving around a certain product. Therefore, the customer can attend the events that are supporting a charity or a product. Likewise, Public Relations promotes brand image by holding events and plastering the brand all over. There are certain events that are supported by one type of candy. Hershey partners with a ctivities and events that in return promote the product throughout the event. Lastly, Public Relations helps the company keep a good reputation. Hershey provides opportunities where customers can come and experience the product before purchasing it. For example, Public Relation has held events in different states to promote different brands. A big campaign that happened last summer was surrounded by S’mores. It was called Say S’mores and it was intended to encourage families to create S’more’ summertime memories. The campaigns consisted of contestants taking pictures of their favorite S’mores moments and posting them to Facebook. There would be three monthly winners and each would receive awards varying from roasting skewers set, picnic blanket and... ...re aware not only in the U.S. but in major countries. The confections industry can be taken to a whole new level because of spreading to different countries companies are than reaching other cultures. There is a whole new world outside of what we are used to. A product that nobody has thought of now could possibly become a top selling product in the future because of the influence given from another part of the world. Works Cited: http://www.pwrnewmedia.com/2011/hershey/smores/index.html http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/reeses-sweetens-ncaa-march-madness-with-perfect-pick-promotion-and-annual-college-all-star-game-142095723.html http://www.alexgpr.com/2011/08/hersheys-pr/ (http://www.thehersheycompany.com/social-responsibility/csr-report.aspx (http://www.hersheystrackandfield.com/about.aspx) (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-public-relations.htm)

jane pittman :: essays research papers

Jane Pittman was born into slavery on a plantation in Louisiana. In the past, Jane’s slave name was â€Å"Ticey.† Jane grew up without parents because her mother died when she was still young and she knew little about her father. As a preteen, Jane worked in a large house, caring for white children. On a scorching day near the end of the war, exhausted confederate soldiers paid a visit, followed soon after by Union soldiers. As Jane was serving the soldiers water, a Union soldier, Corporal Brown, told Jane that she will soon be free and can then visit him in Ohio. He tells her to change her slave name to â€Å"Jane.† The changing of her name symbolized a changing of lifestyle; no longer would she be recognized as a slave, but as an actual human-being with an identity of her own. The owner of the slaves on the plantation freed them all, including Jane. Jane and the freed slaves left the plantation. They’re destination was undecided, but a woman named Big L aura lead the group. Jane thought about going to Ohio to find Corporal Brown. While sleeping in a farm house, the Ku Klux Klan barged in and killed everyone, except for Jane and a young boy named Ned. Ned happened to be the son of Big Laura. Jane and Ned continued on their own, heading towards Ohio. They met a few people on their trip who had some sympathy for blacks. They always told Jane that Ohio was too far, and that she should go back to the plantation. Jane and Ned became exhausted from their long journey. One day, a white man named Job gave Jane and Ned a lift and allowed them to rest at his house, even though his wife disagreed with how her husband treated blacks hospitably. The next day, he took them to a plantation managed by Mr. Bone. Mr. Bone offered Jane a job, but believed her to be incapable of handling the work; however, Jane convinces Mr. Bone that she is capable of handling the work and he agrees to pay her six dollars a month, minus the fifty cents that went toward Ned's education. Later, the original owner of the plantation, Colonel Dye, buys back the plantation with the money he borrowed from the Yankees. Many black people began fleeing the south when they saw that their conditions were worsening.

Leadership Traits, Behaviors and Styles Essay

Leadership is one of the most useful skills one can obtain. It used to be thought that leadership cannot be taught, that one is just born with the appropriate skills to lead. Leaders can come in a wide range of different personalities and styles. There have been countless great leaders since the beginning of time, but what makes a great leader? Many theories have been formed about how leaders have been either made or born. This paper will describe all the leadership styles and traits of Sergio Marchionne. The most significant leadership styles that Sergio Marchionne has are participative (democratic) and delegate (Laissez-Faire or free reign). He could be autocratic when necessary and bureaucratic could be said as totally out of him. He always wants his employees to participate themselves in the decision making process. When they cannot come out with a solid decision, only then he will bring out the decision. He always there to guide them on how to do it, asking them to have the cour age to be independent (still, in the specified scope), with hope that his staffs themselves could be a leader. Doing the same action will brings us the same results. Sometimes, in order to make a change, the autocracy is needed. From the article, it is very clear that Sergio is a leader who always believes in himself, dare to make the bold and unpopular decisions, willing to work differently in a way that less practiced, and know how to influence people to work for the objective outlined though it sounds impossible. Whenever necessary, he does not hesitant nicely let go of those people who cannot be on the specified track (due to the old stigma that ingrained in them), to ensure that the others will not be affected with their resistance toward changes. Not only willing to spend his time for discussions with staffs and consider their opinions in making a decision, Sergio also entrusted them to carry out the actions as well. He delegates the necessary authority and accountability to the staffs, and of course any failure will come with some consequences. However, in the same time, he still could be tolerating because he believe we can always offset a failure here with a success there. Bureaucratic leader always lead by â€Å"following the books† and should the matter raised is not in the book, he will refer to the higher management. However, this trait is totally out from Sergio when he boldly abandoned the Great Man model of  leadership that long characterized the Fiat and came up with new model where everyone is expected to lead. Sergio Marchionne is the CEO and quite possibly the savior of Chrysler. After taking a bailout from the government, the company was still going downhill. Then Sergio got the job. Known for his dedication to the cause and his â€Å"no bullshit† (Taggart)attitude, Sergio took a more aggressive approach to turning things around. Marchionne immediately fired managers that weren’t doing their jobs properly and hurting the company. He then aligned his employees to start a new business plan (Taggart). Sergio’s new approach paid off too. Chrysler saw a â€Å"23% increase† (Taggart) in sales as well as total 2011 sales to hit â€Å"$55 billion† (Taggart). This is all a huge improvement from 2009 when Chrysler was losing â€Å"$1 billion† (Taggart) a month. This is a great example of when an aggressive leadership style must be used. The company was severely underachieving. Once Sergio stepped in he got rid of the people accountable for the poor numbers and changed the working culture. By doing this, his workers know that if they don’t do their job they won’t be kept around. Sometimes it is necessary to do this for the good of the company. Workers can appreciate this style because if they are good workers, their job is becoming more secure with the company getting stronger. The important thing to do while this style is being used is to acknowledge good work and praise the workers. If workers feel underappreciated or scared to lose their job unfairly, they may not perform at a high level. Contrary to some of the early theories, we now know anyone can become a good leader. We now know the best way to make a leader is to give them practice. If a leader can learn from experiences, good and bad, they will be more effective. The key is getting to know the people you want to respect and follow you. The leader must establish a genuine relationship with each of these people to fully gain their loyalty and respect. There are all sorts of styles on how to do that whether it is a democratic, coaching, or visionary, people will see the leader wants everyone to thrive for one  cause. When it comes to leadership, which is the ultimate goal. References: Taggart, J. CEOs of 2011 – The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: What We Can Learn from Senge’s 7 Learning Disabilities. Retrieved November 10, 2014, from Changingwinds.com Flavelle, D. (2014, Mar 08). CEO aims to steer Chrysler back on track. Toronto Star, Toronto Vijayaragavan, I. (2008). Chapter 2: Leadership theories and styles. High Performance Leadership, Global Media, Mumbai

Hypothesis Testing Is Undertaken Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter describes the methodological analysis used in the current survey that examines the relationship between emotional intelligence ( EI ) and burnout among nurses working in private infirmaries in Malaysia. Specifically, this chapter inside informations the research design selected by the research worker, population and sampling, trying processs, and informations aggregation method.3.2 Research DesignResearch design is a maestro program that specifies the methods and processs for roll uping and analysing informations needed for work outing a job ( Zikmund, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Cooper and Schindler ( 2008 ) , research design is the design for aggregation, measuring, and analysis of informations. Sekaran and Bougie ( 2011 ) stated, â€Å" the research design involves a series of rational decision-making picks associating to the intent of the survey, the type of probe, the extent of research worker intervention, the survey scene, the unit of analysis, the clip skyline, the type of sample to be used every bit good as the measuring, informations aggregation methods, trying design, and informations analysis † . This survey used hypothetico-deductive method or a quantitative attack, whereby harmonizing to Creswell ( 2005 ) , a hypothetico-deductive method is â€Å" a type of educational research in which the research decides what to analyze, asks specific, narrows inquiries, collects numeral ( numbered ) informations from participants, analyzes these Numberss utilizing statistics, and conducts the enquiry in an indifferent and nonsubjective mode † . In short, hypothetico-deductive method is an enquiry into an identified job, based on proving a theory, measured with Numberss and analyzed utilizing statistical techniques. Therefore, the end of hypothetico-deductive method is to find whether the prognostic generalisations of a theory clasp true. This method besides provides a quick, cheap, efficient, and accurate agencies of measuring information about those who are involved in the survey ( Zikmund, 2003 ) . The intent of this survey was hypothesis testing. Based on the account given by Sekaran and Bougie ( 2011 ) , a hypothesis testing is undertaken to explicate the discrepancy in the dependant variable or to foretell organisational results. In this sense, the research worker wanted to cognize the nature of the relationship that may be established between EI and burnout by proving the hypothesis developed. Since the purpose of this survey is to set up a mensurable relationship between EI and burnout, thereby hypothetico-deductive attack is said to be more suited. This method is appropriate to analyze the relationship between variables and to find how much one variable contributes to the anticipation of another ( Creswell, 2005 ; Leedy & A ; Omrod, 2005 ) . Specifically, a hypothetico-deductive study method utilizing a descriptive correlativity design is used to prove the dealingss between all the variables of the survey. The correlativity research design is used when the relationships b etween variables are non considered causal, and where the relationship between two or more variables is determined ( Salkind, 2003 ) . In add-on, hypotheses are developed and tested to depict and explicate the nature of relationship between EI and burnout among the nurses working in private infirmaries. Sekaran and Bougie ( 2011 ) pointed out that the extent of intervention by the research worker with the normal of work in the workplace has a direct bearing on whether the survey undertaken is causal or correlativity. Since the correlational research was used, the survey was conducted in the natural environment of the organisation with minimum intervention by the research worker with the normal flow or work in noncontrieved scenes. In other words, informations were collected from the nurses involved in their workplace. Researcher did non alter any of the scene of their workplace whereby their day-to-day modus operandi occupations were minimally interfered when research was done. Apart from that, the informations were gathered merely one time. Hence, it was a cross-sectional survey. Figure 3.1 below shows the research design for the relevant survey. *diagram3.3 Population and SamplingThe population of research is â€Å" a group of possible participants to whom you want to generalise the consequences of the survey † ( Salkind, 2003 ) . Since there are no limited resources such as clip, cost, and human resources, it is non practical and about impossible to study the whole population. On the other manus, trying enables a research worker to garner information rapidly and besides reduces the cost and work force demands for informations aggregation. Sampling besides enables the research worker to do generalisation sing the whole population or parts of the whole population based on a little figure of elements ( Zikmund, 2003 ) . This subdivision discusses the sampling process, including population, unit of analysis, trying frame, trying design, and sample size.3.3.1 Population, Sampling Frame and Unit of AnalysisThe population for the survey consists of the staff nurses employed at three private infirmaries in Klang Valley, Mala ysia. ***3.3.2 Sampling DesignThis research focused on the private infirmaries in Klang Valley. The logic behind choosing the private infirmaries in Klang Valley is that the big and good equipment infirmaries are located in this country and they serve a higher denseness of population. The highest population densenesss are found in Kuala Lumpur, followed by Penang and Putrajaya ( 6,891, 1,490, and 1,478 individuals per square kilometer severally ) for the twelvemonth of 2010 ( Department of Statistics, Malaysia, 2012 ) . **Since the larger private infirmaries are focused in Klang Valley, they have besides higher bed capacity which is assumed to straight interpret to the figure of nurses being hired by these infirmaries. A sum of three private infirmaries in Klang Valley were selected with most of them holding a bed capacity of more than **200. Therefore, it can be assumed that rather a bulk of private infirmary nurses are located in the infirmaries in Klang Valley. Additionally, the elements that constituted as the sample of the research needed to be selected from the population. The procedure of choosing equal figure of elements from a population is called the sampling design. The major types of trying design include chance and non-probability sampling. In chance sampling, every component in the population has some known opportunities of choice whereas in non-probability sampling, the elements ‘ opportunity of being selected as sample topics is unknown ( Zikmund, 2003 ) . High generalizability of the findings and non being confidently generalizable are two specific features of chance and non-probability sampling severally ( Sekaran & A ; Bougie, 2011 ) . This survey utilised chance trying design to choose the single private infirmary staff nurses. The nurses were selected utilizing simple random trying to enable wider generalizability of the findings.3.3.3 Sample SizeThe determination about sample size is non based on a definite reply bu t depends on a figure of considerations ( Bryman & A ; Bell, 2007 ) . The sample size depends on three factors: ( 1 ) the type of informations analysis ; ( 2 ) the coveted truth of the consequences ; and ( 3 ) the population features ( Neuman, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Sekaran and Bougie ( 2011 ) , the sample size is governed by the extent of preciseness, assurance desired, variableness in population, cost and clip restraint, and the size of population. The sample size should be big plenty to enable research workers to foretell the population parametric quantities within acceptable bounds. In general, two constituents of a good sample are its adequateness and representativeness. Since an optimum sample size besides helps in minimising the entire cost of trying mistake, hence an appropriate sample size must be chosen. Sekaran and Bougie ( 2011 ) stated a tabular array suggested by Krejcie and Morgan ( 1970 ) has greatly simplified the sample size determination to guarantee a good determination theoretical account. Since the population of this survey consist of ****xxx**** private infirmary staff nurses as identified earlier, hence based on the tabular array provided by Krejcie and Morgan, the sample size needed was at least, n=xxxx staff nurses.3.4 Data Collection MethodThis subdivision explains the method used for garnering informations. In this survey, secondary information every bit good as primary informations were involved. Secondary informations referred to the diary articles, public records, text editions, or any other information that were available for readings. From these informations, related countries and a figure of informations aggregation methods were studied and the most applicable 1s were chosen. On the other manus, primary informations resulted from a combination of two different set of questionnaires were developed specifically for each of the countries: EI and burnout. These questionnaires were combined along with the selected demographics variables. This subdivision further describes some advantages of carry oning a study utilizing questionnaires. It besides elaborates on each questionnaire that is used to mensurate the forecaster and standard variable of the current survey.3.4.1 Personally Administered QuestionnairesSurvey research workers collect quantitative and numeral informations utilizing questionnaires ( Creswell, 2005 ) . A questionnaire is â€Å" a pre-formulated written set of inquiries to which respondents record their replies within closely defined options † ( Sekaran & A ; Bougie, 2011 ) . Basically, questionnaires enable efficient informations aggregation when the research worker knows precisely what information is needed and how to mensurate the variables of the survey ( Sekaran & A ; Bougie, 2011 ) . Specifically, this survey used personally administered questionnaire studies method for informations aggregation and the instrument of the survey was developed by incorporating the points applied by the old research workers. Harmonizing to Sekaran and Bougie ( 2011 ) , the chief advantages of personally administered questionnaires include: ( 1 ) can set up resonance and motivate respondent ; ( 2 ) uncertainties can be clarified on the topographic point ; ( 3 ) less expensive and consumers less clip than questioning when administered to groups of respondents ; ( 4 ) about 100 % response rate ensured and responses could be collected within a short period of clip ; and ( 5 ) namelessness of respondent is high. To plan a good questionnaire, Sekaran and Bougie ( 2011 ) stated that it is advisable to include some negatively worded inquiries alternatively of give voicing all inquiries positively. Thereby, the inclination in respondents to automatically circle the points towards one terminal of the graduated table is minimized. Nevertheless, in instance this does still go on, the research worker has an chance to observe such prejudice. Hence, both positively and negatively worded inquiries are included in the questionnaire for current research. Apart from that, double-barrelled, equivocal, recall-dependant, prima, and loaded inquiries, every bit good as societal desirableness responses have to be avoided ( Sekaran and Bougie, 2011 ) . The sequence of inquiries should be such that the respondent is led from inquiries of a general nature to those that are more specific, and from inquiries that are comparatively easy to reply to those that are increasingly more hard ( Sekaran and Bougie, 2011 ) . An full research rests on the measuring instruments, which must be dependable, valid, and appropriate for replying the research inquiry of the survey ( Leeky & A ; Ormrod, 2005 ) . The usage of bing instruments ensures the quality of a study inquiries ( Cone & A ; Foster, 1993 ) . Using bing instruments to build a measuring questionnaire adds proved cogency, dependability, truth, and effectivity from past usage ( Creswell, 2005 ) . Therefore, the research worker adapted self-report bing instruments to mensurate all the concepts of the present research. All the self-report steps are discussed in inside informations in the undermentioned subdivisions.3.4.1.1 Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test ( SSEIT )This survey utilized the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test ( SSEIT ) ( Schutte et al. ; 1998 ) to measure the EI of the nurses working in the private infirmaries selected. SSEIT was chosen after consideration of several alternate steps of EI, including point EQ- i ( Bar-On, 1997 ) , the ECI ( Boyatzis, Goleman & A ; Rhee, 2000 ) , and the MSCEIT ( Mayer, Salovey, Caruso & A ; Sitarenios, 2003 ) . These steps were non used because they are proprietary and necessitate considerable clip to administrate. On the other manus, SSEIT provides research worker with the ability to hit the informations, does non imply cost for usage of the instrument, and is less time-consuming for the research participants. The SSEIT which besides referred as the Assessing Emotions Scale is a self-report step that measures EI as defined by Salovey and Mayer ( 1990 ) . Schutte et Al. ( 1998 ) conducted a series of surveies to develop the graduated table and to find its cogency and dependability. A factor analysis of more than 60 points suggested a one-factor solution of 33 points. This one-factor solution resulted in scale points stand foring each of the undermentioned three classs: ( 1 ) assessment and look of emotion in the ego and others ; ( 2 ) ordinance of emotion in the ego and others ; and ( 3 ) use of emotions in work outing jobs. However, the most widely used subscales derived from the 33-item SSEIT graduated table are based on factors identified by Petrides and Furnham ( 2000 ) , Ciarrochi, Chan, and Bajgar ( 2001 ) , and Saklofske, Austin, and Minski ( 2003 ) . These factor analytic surveies suggested a four-factor solution for the 33 points. The four factors are described as: ( 1 ) Percept of Emotion ( 10 points ) ; ( 2 ) Pull offing Own Emotions ( 9 points ) ; ( 3 ) Pull offing Others ‘ Emotions ( 8 points ) ; and ( 4 ) Use of Emotion ( 6 points ) ( Ciarrochi et al. , 2001 ) . The SSEIT graduated table has been used and validated in several surveies ( Petrides & A ; Furnham, 2000 ; Schutte, Malouff, Bobik, Coston, Greeson, Jedlicka, Rhodes & A ; Wendorf, 2001 ; Schutte, Malouff, Simunek, McKenley & A ; Hollander, 2002 ; Charbonneau & A ; Nocol, 2002 ) . In add-on, an internal consistence analysis with two different samples showed a Cronbach alpha of 0.90 and 0.87 ( Schutte et al. , 1998 ) . The sample points of this instrument include: â€Å" I find it difficult to understand the gestural messages of other people † for Perception of Emotion ( PE ) , â€Å" When I am faced with obstructions, I remember times I faced similar obstructions and get the better of them † for Pull offing Own Emotions ( ME ) , â€Å" I know when to talk about my personal jobs to others † for Pull offing Others ‘ Emotions ( MOE ) , and â€Å" Some of the major events of my life have led me to re-evaluate what is of import and non of import † for Utilization of Emotion ( UE ) . The SSEIT was rated on a 5-point Likert graduated table as in the original instrument with responses runing from 1 ( strongly disagree ) to 5 ( strongly agree ) .3.4.1.2 Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey ( MBI-HSS )Maslach ‘s Burnout Inventory ( MBI ) is normally used as a research tool in the current literature to mensurate the degree of burnout ( Lee, Ashforth & A ; Bla ke, 1990 ; Kanste, Miettunen & A ; Kyngas, 2006 ; Wu, Zhu, Wang, Wang & A ; Lan, 2007 ) . This survey measured nurse burnout utilizing the 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey, 3rd edition ( MBI-HSS ) ( Maslach et al. , 1996 ) . MBI-HSS steps burnout among employees in human services establishments and wellness attention businesss such as nursing, societal work, psychological science, and ministry in footings of: ( 1 ) Emotional Exhaustion ( 9 points ) ; ( 2 ) Depersonalization ( 5 points ) ; and ( 3 ) Personal Accomplishment ( 8 points ) . The MBI-HSS has sound psychometric belongingss to guarantee dependability and cogency. MBI has demonstrated to hold concept cogency through the analysis of informations from a innovator instrument of 47 points administered to human service forces ( Maslach & A ; Jackson, 1981a ) . Convergent cogency surveies indicate the MBI-HSS graduated tables measure the same concept as other burnout instruments. Correlations of emotional exh austion and depersonalisation with other burnout self-report indexs are high ( rs & gt ; .50 ) , where as correlativities with personal achievement are slightly lower ( rs & gt ; .30 ) ( Schaufeli & A ; Enzmann, 1998 ) . Maslach et Al. ( 1996 ) reported internal consistence of MBI with dependability coefficients as follows: I ± = .90 for emotional exhaustion ( EE ) , I ± = .79 for depersonalisation ( DP ) , and I ± = .71 for decreased personal achievement ( PA ) . Furthermore, the test-retest dependability ranged from moderate to high. The test-retest dependability coefficients were as follows: EE ( .82 ) , DP ( .62 ) , and PA ( .80 ) . Sample points from Emotional Exhaustion ( EE ) subscale include: â€Å" I feel emotionally drained from my work. † Sample points from Depersonalization ( DP ) subscale include: â€Å" I feel I treat some patients as if they were impersonal objects. † Sample points from Personal Accomplishment ( PA ) subscale include: â€Å" I can easy understand how my patients feel about things. † Basically, nurse burnout was measured based on statements that concern feelings or attitudes about one ‘s work and how frequently those feelings occur. The frequence with which the nurses experience each point was measured on a 5-point Likert Scale anchored by Never ( 1 ) and Everyday ( 5 ) .3.4.1.3 Demographic DataIt is a affair of pick for the research worker whether inquiries seeking personal information of respondents should look at the beginning or at the terminal of the questionnaire ( Sekaran & A ; Bougie, 2011 ) . Harmonizing to Oppenheim ( 1986 ) , some research workers ask for personal informations at the terminal instead than the beginning of the questionnaire. Their logical thinking may be that by the clip the respondent reaches the terminal of the questionnaire, he or she has been convinced of the legitimacy and genuineness of the inquiries framed by the research worker and, therefore, is more inclined and conformable to portion personal information ( Sekaran & A ; Bougie, 2011 ) . On the other manus, research workers who prefer to arouse most of the personal information at the really beginning may speak up that one time respondents have shared some of their personal history, they may hold psychologically identified themselves with the questionnaire, and may experience a committedness to react ( Sekaran & A ; Bougie, 2011 ) . Both these methods of seeking personal information have their pros and cons. For current survey, demographic information of the respondents were requested on the last subdivision of the questionnaire. This portion includes demographic information such as age, gender, cultural group, matrimonial position, old ages of work experience, making, nursing class, and section. The respondents were required to click the appropriate replies. The study questionnaire can be found in Appendix A. The two chief instruments selected for this survey have shown concept cogency and dependability based on old surveies but they have non been tested in the Malayan context. Therefore, the dependabilities of all the instruments and content cogency were tested during the pre-test. The sum-up of the questionnaire with the dislocation of subdivisions and the description of each of the survey instruments is shown in Table 3.1.